[Kabar-Irian] News: April 24-30 2007
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KABAR IRIAN NEWS
March Apr 23-30
TOPICS
* Aceh and Papua take the lead in facing global climate change
* Freeport strike
* W. Irian Jaya renamed as West Papua
* Indonesia`s Aceh, Papua pledge to protect forests
* Indonesia takes on illegal logging
* Indonesian Governors Curb Logging to Reduce Climate Change
* West Papua should not beg
* Announcement for the Peaceful Action 2007
* A Victory in West Papua
* CHILD OF THE JUNGLE
* Jakarta’s use of West Papua
* West Irian Jaya officially renamed West Papua angering...
* Name Change Of West Irian Jaya To West Papua
* Open letter to delegates at ALP National Conference
* Papua offers 1 mln hectares of land for oil palm plantation
* Protest in Indonesia’s Papua province
* Coremap focuses on localpeople empowerement to protect coral reefs
* INDONESIA: STUDENTS PROTEST AGAINST 'SPECIAL AUTONOMY'
* NDONESIA: West Irian Jaya to be known as West Papua
* Freeport Projects Higher Copper Sales
* Freeport McMoRan 1Q Earnings Surge
* SPECIAL AUTONOMY HAS FAILED
---
http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailgeneral.asp?fileid=20070427201325&irec=23
Aceh and Papua take the lead in facing global climate change
NUSA DUA, Bali (JP): The governors of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Papua and
West Papua committed to significantly reducing deforestation in their
areasat a climate
change conference in Bali on Thursday.
In a declaration issued during the Governors Roundtable on Climate Change
here at the Westin Resort in Nusa Dua, Aceh Governor Irwandi Yusuf, Papua
Governor
Barnabas Suebu and West Papua Governor Abraham O. Atururi agreed to a
joint policy of environmentally friendly, sustainable economic development
of greenhouse
emissions and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation.
The meeting was jointly organized by the World Bank, the Australian
government, Fauna and Flora International (FFI) and a number of other
organizations.
"We are realizing our special position as stewards of the largest natural
forests in Indonesia," the governors declared. (Rita/Wasti)
---
http://www.thejakartapost.com/detaileditorial.asp?fileid=20070424.E01&irec=0
Freeport strike
The local workers of giant gold and copper miner PT Freeport Indonesia in
Timika, Papua, a subsidiary of U.S.-based Freeport McMoran, taught the
nation, including their
fellow Papuans and the country's businesspeople and laborers, a precious
lesson last week.
Even Vice President Jusuf Kalla, who had just expressed his displeasure
over the trend of labor demonstrations, probably had to swallow his words
because the workers in
Papua proved that peaceful actions can achieve much.
The lesson is even more interesting because it came out of Timika, a city
with a history of violent demonstrations.
Thousands of Freeport workers won nearly everything they were asking for
on Saturday morning, after a four-day peaceful walkout. The strike, the
biggest since the
company started to operate in the early 1970s, certainly cost the state a
huge amount, in terms of lost potential revenue.
In the end, Freeport agreed to raise the workers' monthly basic salary
from Rp 1.6 million (US$174) to Rp 3.1 million, Rp 500,000 less than they
were demanding. The
company also agreed to reestablish its Papuan Affairs Department and
replace several executives who the workers saw as reluctant to deal with
Papuan employees.
It is rare in Indonesia for a major company to respond so generously and
promptly to the demands of workers. For this, the world's largest gold
producer and second
largest copper producer deserves commendation.
We believe Freeport's decision was not just caused by fears of falling
production. Perhaps the company was more willing to listen and negotiate
because for the first time,
employees staged a strike that was peaceful.
There is a perception nationally, and even internationally, that Freeport
prefers the use of power in handling unrest and protest. At the same time
there is the perception that
Indonesian workers, including those at Freeport, tend to resort to
violence in seeking more money or better working conditions.
Freeport workers finally realized they are an important part of the
company, and that they must grow together. They certainly do not want to
follow the orders of outside
parties who are more concerned with their own interests than the
well-being of the workers.
And Freeport seems to have finally understood that in the end, the
prosperity and security of its workers is key to its own growth and
sustainability. In the past, the military
and police were often used to clamp down on protests against the company.
The use of force may be effective and cheap in the short run, but it costs
Freeport dearly in
the long run.
Freeport is a magnet not just for Papuans but also the country's political
elite who want to mine profits from the company.
Last year alone Freeport paid US$1.6 billion in taxes to the government, a
33 percent rise from 2005. Freeport produced 435 million pounds of copper
in the fourth quarter
of last year and 514,000 ounces of gold, the company announced in January.
It employs about 9,000 workers, including 3,000 Papuans. Although the
number of Papuan employees has steadily increased, Papuans complain very
few of them ever rise
to management positions.
Human rights abuses, the unequal distribution of wealth and the disrespect
shown by the central government toward Papuans are among the major
complaints in the
province.
That the region is to any extent rebellious is because Papuans feel they
are treated like second-class citizens, kept in poverty despite the
abundance of natural resources in
their home province.
Freeport employees have shown that a peaceful and civilized approach can
be very effective, while the company sent the message that it is ready to
change for the better.
The workers' demands were not just about financial welfare, but a
guarantee for a sustainable future.
Both sides deserve praise for teaching the rest of the country such a
golden lesson.
---
http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailnational.asp?fileid=20070424.H02&irec=1
W. Irian Jaya renamed as West Papua
Ridwan Max Sijabat, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta
The government has issued a regulation officially renaming West Irian Jaya
province to West Papua province, a political decision that may not
automatically settle the
prolonged dispute over the new province's existence.
The director general for public administration at the Home Ministry,
Sojuangon Situmorang, said the regulation, issued on April 18, gave the
Papua and West Papua
provincial administrations one year to conduct a public awareness campaign
on the new name.
"While publicizing the new provincial name, anyone and any side can use
both names until the new name is used permanently as of April 18, 2008.
The new name,
proposed by the residents of West Irian Jaya, is aimed at identifying the
social entity and ethnic group of Papua," he told a media conference here
Monday.
He said that West Papua, previously part of Papua province, had been
granted special autonomy in 2001 and was declared a new province in 2003.
"The presence of West Irian Jaya was acknowledged by the Constitutional
Court when the latter was reviewing Law No. 45/1999 on the province's
establishment. Despite
the prolonged argument, both provincial administrations have embarked on
coordination meetings to speed up the development program in the two
provinces," he said.
Despite its establishment in 2003 and subsequent provincial legislature in
2004, West Papua has yet to be financed by special autonomy funds and to
establish a Papuan
People's Assembly like that in Papua province. West Papua has not received
financial benefits from the copper and gold mining industry in Timika and
gas mining in
Merauke.
"But all regencies and municipalities in West Papua have received special
autonomy funds (under Papua province) since the special autonomy law was
enacted in 2001,"
Sojuangon added.
He asked the government to revise the special autonomy law and the
subsequent Presidential Instruction in order to synchronize the two and
provide a permanent solution
to the row over the new province.
Papua has received a total of Rp 12.53 trillion (US$1.37 billion) since
special autonomy was implemented in the province in 2001, but a large part
of the funds have
reportedly been embezzled by local officials.
Local administrations in Papua and West Papua have come under fire
recently from residents who say that despite the implementation of special
autonomy, the social
welfare of the 2.4 million who live in the region is yet to improve.
Affordable education and health care are hard to come by, while those who
live in remote mountain areas remain isolated because of the limited and
expensive
transportation facilities. Aircraft are still the only form of
transportation that can reach the remote parts of the two provinces, whose
combined size is three and a half times
that of Java.
Special autonomy was introduced as a peaceful solution to Papua's poor
human development index ranking, unresolved human rights abuses and
demands for the
resource rich region's secession from Indonesia.
---
http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2007/4/27/indonesias-aceh-papua-pledge-to-protect-forests/
Environment
04/27/07 09:42
Indonesia`s Aceh, Papua pledge to protect forests
Nusa Dua, Bali (ANTARA News) - Governors from three Indonesian provinces
which are home to most of the country's rainforests pledged on Thursday to
conserve them
as
part of efforts to mitigate the impact of climate change.
The governors of Aceh, Papua and West Papua provinces appealed for the
government and the international community to provide financial incentives
through carbon
trading schemes.
"We are determined to implement environmentally friendly policies,
sustainable development and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,"
the governors said in a
statement after the World Bank sponsored meeting on the Indonesian resort
island of Bali.
They said the policies would also help reduce poverty, create jobs and
attract investment. Aceh governor Irwandi Yusuf said his administration
would enforce a moratorium
on logging pending a review of forest sustainability.
Papua governor Barnabas Saebu said he would revoke licences of timber
companies unless they were proven to have contributed to the preservation
of the regions'
forests.
Thousands more forest rangers would be recruited as part of the effort,
the statement was quoted by Reuters as saying.
Environmentalists say illegal logging in Indonesia strips 2.1 million ha
(5.2 million acres) of forest every year in a trade worth $4 billion.
Indonesia wants rich countries to pay developing nations to preserve their
forests and plans to push this proposal at a U.N. conference on climate
change in December.
The talks are expected to launch formal negotiations about extending the
Kyoto Protocol after its first period ends in 2012.
The pact is the main U.N. plan for curbing global warming and the annual
gathering will attract government officials and non-governmental
organisations from around the
globe.
Joe Leitmann, the World Bank's environment coordinator for Indonesia, said
the bank had earmarked $200 million for pilot projects aimed at preserving
forests.
Conservation efforts would cost between $10-15 billion annually, he said.
About 10 percent of the world's remaining tropical forest is found in
Indonesia, which has a total forest area of more than 90 million ha (225
million acres), according to
Rainforestweb.org, a portal on rainforests (www.rainforestweb.org).
It said Indonesia has already lost an estimated 72 percent of its original
forest and half of what remains is threatened. (*)
Copyright © 2007 ANTARA
---
http://www.carbonpositive.net/viewarticle.aspx?articleID=673
Indonesia takes on illegal logging
Carbon News and Info
>
Climate change news
>
CERs & carbon offsets
Saturday, 28 April 2007
Three Indonesian provinces have committed to measures to limit logging in
their vast tropical rainforests and help the growing international battle
against deforestation.
Ten percent of the world’s tropical rainforest lies in Indonesia, much of
that in the provinces of Aceh in the West of the archipelago and Papua and
West Papua in the
East.
Their provincial governors have agreed at a World Bank initiated meeting
that they would clamp down on illegal logging and take steps toward a
sustainable forestry
industry.
Aceh will impose a moratorium on all logging while a review of the
forestry industry was carried out. Papua will revoke all licences of
logging companies that cannot prove
their operations contribute to sustainable forest management.
The recruitment of thousands more forest rangers and the use of
helicopters will be part of the provinces’ response.
"We are determined to implement environmentally friendly policies,
sustainable development and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,"
Reuters reports the
governors saying.
Environmental groups have estimated that 80 per cent of timber sourced
from Indonesia is illegally logged in a $US4 billion annual trade that
wipes out 2 million hectares of
tropical forest every year.
Some environmentalists express scepticism about developing countries’
stated commitments to stop illegal logging. They say they have failed in
the past in places like
Indonesia where a vast and poor population is spread over thousands of
islands, making law enforcement very difficult.
Indonesia is one of a number of developing countries campaigning for rich
countries to pay for protecting their forests, which are vitally important
on a global scale as
carbon dioxide sinks.
Australia, anxious to court its near-neighbour politically and
economically, recently committed $160 million to kick-start an
international initiative to stop deforestation. Most
of the Australian money would be spent in Indonesia.
Reuters, Environmental News Service, Environmental Investigation Agency
27/4/07
---
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2007/2007-04-27-01.asp
Indonesian Governors Curb Logging to Reduce Climate Change
NUSA DUA, Bali, Indonesia, April 27, 2007 (ENS) - The governors of
Indonesia's three most forested provinces have pledged to jointly reduce
greenhouse gas emissions
from logging and land clearing to reduce the impact of climate change.
Tropical rainforests absorb the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, the main
gas responsible for global
warming.
The governors of Aceh, Papua and Papua Barat provinces agreed on a policy
of "environmentally friendly, sustainable economic development and
reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions from deforestation."
logger
Another tree falls in the Indonesian rainforest. (Photo courtesy Telapak)
The agreement is also aimed at reducing poverty, protecting community
rights over natural resources, stimulating employment, and attracting
investment.
The unprecedented pact to reduce carbon emissions was made Thursday at a
roundtable meeting in Bali at the site of the upcoming United Nations
climate change
conference in December.
Facilitated by the World Bank, the roundtable was attended by
representatives of the Indonesian central government, civil society, the
international community, and the
private sector.
The governors said they recognize their "special position as stewards of
the largest natural forests in Indonesia," and also recognize "the
important role Indonesia plays in
global carbon emissions and the overwhelming contribution made by
deforestation and land degradation."
Aceh Governor Irwandi Yusuf said he will place a temporary moratorium on
all logging in the province on the northern end of Sulawesi island where
forests are being felled
for timber, farming and housing.
Papua Governor Barnabas Suebu and West Papua Governor Abraham Octavian
Atururis said they would revoke the licences of companies that log their
tropical forests
without replanting or contributing to local communities. They vowed to
accelerate local development and community forestry.
Papua and Papua Barat will develop a pilot project that carries out these
policies in a 500,000 hectare (1.2 million acres) area.
Both provinces will reallocate up to five million hectares (12.3 million
acres) of conversion forest for carbon trading.
Thousands more forest rangers will be employed to guard against illegal
loggers, and helicopters will be utilized to monitor the vast rainforests.
"All types of forests in Papua are dedicated to save planet Earth and
future humanity – including the wise and prudent development of green
industries," the two governors
said.
The three governors called for guidance from the Indonesian government and
the support of the international community through carbon financing
mechanisms and
transfer of technology to protect the forests and provide income to local
communities.
logs
Logs awaiting transport to market. West Papua, Indonesia, 2003 (Photo
courtesy EIA)
Indonesia wants rich countries to pay for preserving tropical rainforests.
The government has signaled its intention to push this proposal at the UN
climate conference in
December.
About 10 percent of the world's remaining tropical forests are found in
Indonesia, which is around 60 percent forested
Indonesia has already lost an estimated 72 percent of its original
frontier forest, and half of what remains is threatened. Only 21 percent
of Indonesia's forests are
protected.
Massive illegal logging is driving forest loss across Indonesia, according
to the Environmental Investigation Agency, EIA, a nongovernmental research
and advocacy group
based in London and Washington. Over 80 percent of timber felled in
Indonesia comes from illegal sources.
Earlier this month the Indonesian government asked consumers to stop
buying products made from illegally logged wood and to buy only wood
certified as sustainably
logged.
---
Sender: tribal-melanesia@yahoogroups.com
Kompas (p.4)
West Papua should not beg for special autonomy fund
West Papua legislature speaker Jimmy Demianus Ijie warns the provincial
government against begging for special
autonomy fund which is controlled by neighboring Papua.
Ijie said on Tuesday Papua leaders would hold West Papuans hostage if they
merely depend on the fund.
He was
commenting on an agreement between Papua and West Papua leaders that,
under the 2001 law on special autonomy, would allow West Papua to share
the special
autonomy fund.
“Let’s rely on ourselves. We do not need that huge fund,” Ijie said. West
Papua revenue amounts to 577.37 billion rupiah this year, with some 80.5
percent
coming from the central government’s general allocation fund.
---
From: "david chan"
Announcement for the Peaceful Action 2007
If it is not now when else? And if it is not us who else?
Papuan students are planning to conduct another protest refusing Special
Autonomy in Jayapura on Friday in front of the office of Papua governor. It
will be done on Friday at 11.00 a.m. The theme of the protest:
- The special autonomy given to West Papuan has been around for six
year but it cannot yield any good results. The otsus fund is not used for
creating prosperity among the Papuan.
- Therefore, we - the West Papuan people declared that Special
Autonomy has failed. We demand Referendum for West Papuan nation.
- The situation in West Papua is getting worse due to the dirty
politics of the Indonesian government. International community and the UN to
take actions to lift the sufferings of West Papuan people who are facing
"step by step method" of genocide.
Contact person: 085255672878 Buchtar Tabuni.
Translated by DC.
---
http://www.gnn.tv/articles/3051/A_Victory_in_West_Papua
A Victory in West Papua
Thu, 26 Apr 2007 00:00:00 -0700
_NEWS IMAGE_
Benny Wemba: "The Freeport mine is an open wound on the body of my People."
By Sam Urquhart
The global wave of organized resistance to multinational mining companies
continues with a strike at Freeport McMoran in West Papua
Workers employed by mining multinational Freeport McMoran in the
Indonesian province of West Papua struck from 18 to 21 April, gaining a
100 percent wage increase
among other concessions. 6,000 workers at Grasberg, the world’s second
largest copper and gold mine, slowed production – resulting in estimated
losses of $11.32 million
for the New Orleans based company.
As Frans Pigome of Tongoi Papua, the main group involved in organising the
strike told the Times on 22 April, “We are satisfied. After more than 40
years in operation, this
is the most spectacular increase,” adding that, “They could have increased
it years ago, but they think only how to profit themselves.”
Freeport worked closely with the dictatorial Suharto regime during the
1970s and 80s, becoming Indonesia’s biggest tax-payer. As Benny Wemba of
the Free West Papua
Movement puts it, “Just in one year, 2006, Freeport paid US $1.6 billion
in taxes to the Indonesian government. How do you think Indonesia can
afford to have the biggest
military in SE Asia?”
According to Wemba, Freeport has funded para-military forces to police its
mine, including $20 million between 1998 and 2004. To West Papuans,
Freeport perpetuates
the occupation of their land, “the Indonesian military (TNI) has murdered
over 100,000 Papuan men, women and children and tortured and raped
countless others” says
Wemba, “Freeport McMoran and Rio Tinto directly fund the TNI. Anyone who
helps my enemy is my enemy too.”
The settlement will result in an increase in the wages of the lowest paid
workers at the mine to $341 per month. However, Tongoi Papua had initially
tabled demands for
larger wage increases, better pensions, improved worker representation and
programs to increase the proportion of Papuans in the workforce of the
mine.
Out of the 9,000 employees at Grasberg, only 3,000 are Papuan, giving rise
to charges of discrimination and the marginalisation of local people.
Freeport officials have
only said that they will begin a feasability study concerning a “Papuan
affairs department” within the company although they did agree to arrange
for the removal of some
Jakarta-based Indonesian officials.
Moreover, instead of the 3.2 million rupiah offered to Grasberg workers,
Tongoi Papua had initially pushed for 3.6 million. Pigome also threatened
to shut down the mine for
one month or more if their demands were not met, although in the face of
military and police intimidation this longer stoppage did not materialize.
While about 6,000 mine workers struck at Grasberg itself, Tongoi Papua
also organised protests in the regional capital, Timika, beginning on 17
April. Hundreds gathered to
coincide with collective wage negotiations being carried out between local
politicians and Freeport representatives, where they were met by dozens of
armoured vehicles,
200 police and soldiers armed with riot gear and firearms.
As Penina Karma, secretary of Tongoi Papua told Reuters on 17 April, “This
is a surprise to us. It is just like a war.”
Despite the intense military and police presence, workers elected to
strike when their calls for talks with Freeport executives were rejected
by the company. Although no
violence was reported against those taking part, an internal Freeport
memorandum was leaked to Reuters on 19 April in which company executives
described the strike as
illegal and that workers who left their jobs to participate in the illegal
strike, “could be subject to disciplinary measures,” an indication of how
seriously Freeport has taken
events around the Grasberg mine.
The Grasberg strike comes after a wave of similar actions at mines across
the world. Zambian workers struck in March to secure a 20 percent wage
increase while the
world’s largest copper mine at Escondida in Chile was shut down for almost
a month last year. Inco workers in Canada shut also down a nickel mine in
March, while
indigenous protesters in New Caledonia have frustrated the Goro nickel
project since its inception, driving up costs and putting the future of
the mine in doubt.
According to Catherine Courmans of the NGO Miningwatch, “We are seeing
increasingly strong actions by increasingly vigilant communities around
the world that are
determined to protect their human and environmental rights.”
Mining corporations are scrambling to deal with an epidemic of resistance.
As Courmans puts it, “These once isolated communities are better linked
globally and are better
informed about the potential long term impacts of mining.”
---
http://www.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/books/070429/book1.shtml
BOOK REVIEWS
CHILD OF THE JUNGLE: The True Story of a Girl Caught Between Two Worlds By
Sabine Kuegler. Warner, 272 pages, $24.99, hardcover.
‘Child’ caught between lives
By Dawn McNutt
Special to THE DAILY
Let me begin by saying that I loved this book. I am always fascinated by
children who grew up in unimaginable places — far from my own idyllic
suburban neighborhood
upbringing. I long for the kind of adventure and education that they had
and wish that I, too, could run through the rainforest or have a crocodile
as a pet that I waved to on
my two-mile walk to school in a thatched hut with all the other village
children.
book1.jpg - 116632 Bytes
Sabine Kuegler had just that kind of remarkable childhood. She was 7 when
her German
linguist/missionary parents brought her and her brother and sister to live
in the jungle on the island of West Papua, New Guinea (or Indonesia). They
lived with the Fayu
tribe, a group of primitive people, previously undocumented and referred
to as Stone Age people, who had never seen a white person before.
Sabine’s family settled in a thatched hut with only a shortwave radio and
a kerosene stove for cooking and no one else around except the naked
people with bones through
their noses — members of the Fayu tribe.
Can you even imagine living like that? Sabine’s parents weren’t a typical
mom and dad, either. They started out in Nepal (where Sabine was born)
living with a tribe called
the Danuwar Rai, studying their language and helping them develop their
culture. A few years later the family was forced to leave because of
political reasons and they
headed back to Germany, her parents’ birthplace, while they decided on
their next assignment.
That assignment turned out to be the swamp of Irian Jaya, Indonesia —
today known as West Papua. It is here that her father discovered the
ancient tribe and attempted to
befriend them and study their culture.
This was extremely difficult and tedious because of their continuous
tribal war among the four groups who made up the tribe and the fact that
their language had never been
documented before. Consider that there are at least 250 major languages
spoken by the indigenous people of West Papua. That’s one-fourth of the
world’s known
languages (800) as well as numerous dialects among an estimated 1.8
million people.
Sense of home
For some reason, which Sabine herself cannot explain, she felt right at
home there. The fact that there are strange people staring at her day and
night running around with
bows and arrows, trying to figure out what her family is doing in their
home, doesn’t seem to faze her or her siblings — or even her parents, for
that matter.
Before long she was running around naked too, eating grubs and
caterpillars and teaching the children of the tribe how to play soccer.
She and her brother spent hours
playing in the jungle by themselves while her parents tried to teach the
Fayu how to live peacefully and break the cycle of killing for revenge
that ruled their tribe for
centuries.
Also, Sabine’s family dodged spiders the size of dinner plates, tried not
to get malaria, watched out for the many venomous snakes that slithered in
and out of their hut, tried
not to get caught in the crossfire of the tribe’s warfare to be killed by
a stray arrow, and ate the local delicacy of fried bat wings and grilled
worms. Sabine calls this “a life
without stress in the midst of nature, untouched by modern civilization.”
I don’t know if I would agree about the without-stress part, but her book
is fascinating and I was
unable to put it down.
What struck me the most was her obvious love of the land and its people,
but also her love of her upbringing in this place she calls a paradise
without any fear.
She and her family befriended almost everyone, and eventually her parents
were able to communicate with the Fayu and teach them a peaceful,
productive way to live and
get along with each other.
Sabine herself became a catalyst between the Fayu and her own family in
helping them to understand each other and benefit from each other’s
knowledge. Sabine’s
mother became a Fayu midwife and her father an honorary member of the
tribe. Everything seemed to be going well for young Sabine until a tragic
event caused her to
leave everything she knew and head to boarding school in Switzerland at
the age of 17.
It is here that her story turns dark. Having never lived in the modern
world, Sabine is lost and confused. She doesn’t understand modern people
and this fast-paced world
and can’t seem to pull herself together. She has a baby shortly after
graduation. She gets married and then divorced. Finally, she sinks into a
depression so deep she
attempts suicide before she comes to the realization that life is worth
living and begins to slowly mend herself and come to terms with her past.
Her story continues on to the
present day and the publishing of her book, which was a No. 1 European
bestseller when it was first published in 2005 in Germany.
Sabine’s novel is a blend of anthropology and psychology, as well as the
story of a family who grew to become part of another family in a place
where no one ever
imagined they would. It’s a novel of growing up and dealing with parts of
yourself as well as your past that you don’t want to acknowledge but
ultimately must, for your own
well-being. Most of all, it’s a novel that shows sometimes the
unimaginable can lead you to the best place of all: the one you finally
call home.
---
http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=31776
Radio New Zealand International
The Voice of New Zealand, Broadcasting to the Pacific
Te Reo Irirangi O Aotearoa, O Te Moana-Nui-A-Kiwa
Jakarta’s use of West Papua to name just part of the Papua region is
considered theft
Posted at 08:16 on 26 April, 2007 UTC
An academic says the move by the Indonesian government to renamed West
Irian Jaya province as West Papua amounts to theft.
Jakarta announced earlier this week that they name change would be fully
in place by April next year.
But West Papua has long been the name applied to the entire Papuan region
by the self determination movement and was the name they gave it when
declaring
independence in 1961.
Papua specialist at Sydney University, Professor Peter King ,says the move
is designed to undermine the Papuan independence movement.
“To name one of the provinces which is being set up by manipulation
and collusion at the centre - that’s mud in the eye for the
independence movement because they’re
stealing the name which Papuans have long regarded as the proper name for
their province, it’s what an independent Papuan entity would be called if
that ever came
about.”
Professor Peter King
---
http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=31773
Radio New Zealand International
The Voice of New Zealand, Broadcasting to the Pacific
Te Reo Irirangi O Aotearoa, O Te Moana-Nui-A-Kiwa
West Irian Jaya officially renamed West Papua angering independence movement
Posted at 08:16 on 26 April, 2007 UTC
The Indonesia government has officially renamed West Irian Jaya province,
West Papua province.
This has angered self-determination groups who were using the name West
Papua to describe the whole of the Indonesian part of New Guinea island.
The Indonesia government decided several years ago to break Papua province
into several smaller provinces and West Papua was the first to be
established.
The Home Ministry has given the Papua and West Papua provincial
administrations one year to conduct a public awareness campaign on the new
name.
Papua specialist at Sydney University, Professor Peter King says the move
is designed to undermine the Papuan independence movement.
“To name one of the provinces which is being set up by manipulation
and collusion at the centre - that’s mud in the eye for the
independence movement because they’re
stealing the name which papuans have long regarded as the proper name for
their province, it’s what an independent papuan entity would be called if
that ever came
about.”
Professor Peter King
---
http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0704/S00452.htm
Name Change Of West Irian Jaya To West Papua
Thursday, 26 April 2007, 10:09 am
Press Release: Pacific Media Watch
Indonesia Officially Changes Name Of West Irian Jaya To West Papua
JAYAPURA (RNZI Online/Pacific Media Watch): The Indonesian government has
issued a regulation officially renaming West Irian Jaya province as West
Papua
province.
The Jakarta Post says the public administration office at the Home
Ministry, has given the Papua and West Papua provincial administrations
one year to conduct a public
awareness campaigns on the new name.
It says while publicising the new provincial name, both names can be used
until April 18 next year.
The office says the new name, proposed by the residents of West Irian
Jaya, is aimed at identifying the social entity and ethnic group of Papua.
The Indonesian government decided several years ago to break Papua
province into several smaller provinces - West Papua was the first of
these to be established.
The use of the name West Papua has angered some self determination groups
which apply that name to all of the Indonesian part of New Guinea island.
ENDS
---
http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0704/S00509.htm
Open letter to delegates at ALP Conference
Friday, 27 April 2007, 1:31 pm
Press Release: Australia West Papua Association
Open letter to delegates at ALP National Conference
We are writing to you with great concern about the issue of West Papua. We
believe the situation in West Papua is deteriorating. The West Papuan
people who are one of
our nearest neighbours face great challenges including ongoing human
rights abuses, the exploitation of their natural resources with little or
no benefit to themselves, the
danger of becoming a minority in their own land as the result of migrants
arriving daily , and a HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Although there has been some progress towards democracy in Indonesia, the
Indonesian military has itself failed to reform. We note in the US State
Department's 2005
Human Rights report on Indonesia, it states "the Indonesian Armed Forces
(TNI) considered anyone killed by its forces in conflict areas to be an
armed rebel. The
government largely failed to hold soldiers and police accountable for such
killings and other serious human rights abuses in Aceh and Papua."
In November 2006, the Australian Government signed a treaty with
Indonesia,the ³Agreement between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia
on the Framework for
Security Cooperation² (The Lombok Treaty). This treaty commits us to ties
with the Indonesian military who have a record of committing human rights
abuses not only in the
past in East Timor but at the present time in West Papua. The military are
also involved in illegal resource extraction including illegal logging in
West Papua.
We believe this treaty is being driven by the issue of West Papua and its
main aim is to restore good relations with Jakarta which were damaged by
the arrival of the 43
West Papuan asylum seekers in Cape York in January 2006. It is also to
confirm to Jakarta the Government¹s policy of recognising Indonesian
sovereignty over West
Papua.
However, good relations with Jakarta should not be at the expense of the
West Papuan people who are struggling for their right to
self-determination. We note that a
majority of the Australian people also believe in the same right. A
Newspoll in April 2006 showed that 77% of Australians believed that the
West Papuan people have a right
to self -determination.
To repeat, our main concern is the defence ties with the Indonesia
military that this treaty would commit us to. We believe that any aid or
training given to the Indonesian
military will only be used to oppress the West Papuan people.
This treaty has yet to be ratified by the parliament. We believe before
any treaty is signed with Indonesia, safeguards should be put in place
that allows access for human
rights monitors to West Papua.
We note that in the Australian newspaper, dated 12 April 2007, that the
former NSW MLC Meredith Burgmann said she had cross-party support for a
motion that calls for
autonomy, international monitors to resolve disputes between the Papuans
and the Indonesian army, and recognition of the differences between Papua
and the rest of
Indonesia. We thank delegates for this support for West Papua.
We also ask delegates at the conference to urge that a motion calling for
a clause in the treaty that allows access for human rights monitors to
West Papua be also moved
before any treaty with Indonesia be ratified in parliament.
---
http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2007/4/26/papua-offers-1-mln-hectares-of-land-for-oil-palm-plantation/
Economic & Business
04/26/07 15:07
Papua offers 1 mln hectares of land for oil palm plantation
Jakarta (ANTARA News/Asia Pulse) - The provincial administration of Papua
said it will make available 1 million hectares of land for oil palm
plantations. The Sinar Mas
Group, the Medco Group and an investor from Malaysia, Federal Land
Development Authority (Felda), have indicated interest in building oil
palm plantations in the province.
"We have given approval for land clearing covering 1 million hectares of
hereditary lands as requested by investors," Papua Governor Barnabas Saebu
said.
He added that Papua could provide up to 4 million hectares for them in 10
years if they need expansion.
Source:
Business in Asia Today - April 26, 2007
published by Asia Pulse
---
http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=31807
Radio New Zealand International
The Voice of New Zealand, Broadcasting to the Pacific
Te Reo Irirangi O Aotearoa, O Te Moana-Nui-A-Kiwa
Protest in Indonesia’s Papua province
Posted at 21:36 on 27 April, 2007 UTC
More than 1,500 student gathered in front of the governors palace in
Jayapura, the capital of the Indonesian province of Papua yesterday,
demanding an end to the
province’s special autonomy status, which they say does not work.
The protesters called instead for dialogue with the government to decide
the future of the province.
One of the organisers of the protest said the group wanted a three-way
dialogue, involving Jakarta, a delegation from Papua and a representative
from a neutral
organisation.
Papua, which is in the far east of the Indonesian archipelago, was annexed
by Jakarta with a controversial referendum in 1969.
The law on the special autonomy status was conceded by Jakarta in 2001 in
part to respond to the demand for independence by a large part of the
local population.
The protesters say if the call for dialogue does not work, then the group
will ask for a referendum where the population will decide.
---
http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2007/4/28/coremap-focuses-on-localpeople-empowerement-to-protect-coral-reefs/
Environment
04/28/07 19:16
Coremap focuses on localpeople empowerement to protect coral reefs
Biak, Papua Province (ANTARA News) - The Coral Reef Rehabilitation and
Management Program (Coremap) has given a priority to the empowerment of
local people to
help protect coral reefs in Biak Numfor District, Papua Province.
The current Coremap activities in Biak have entered the second phase which
started from 2005 and would last in 2009, Coordinator of the Biak Coremap
Management Unit
Markus Mansnembra said here on Saturday.
He explained that the Indonesian government has initiated a long term
coral reef rehabilitation and management program to protect, and preserve
as well for useful
utilization of coral reefs and its ecology in the country.
"The long-term program will be able to improve the welfare of people along
the coastal areas, including those in Biak Numfor District," he said. (*)
Copyright © 2007 ANTARA
---
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?cat=Politics&loid=8.0.409153190&par=0
INDONESIA: STUDENTS PROTEST AGAINST 'SPECIAL AUTONOMY'
Jakarta, 27 April (AKI) - More than 1,500 studentS on Friday gathered in
front of the governors palace in Jayapura, the capital of the Indonesian
province of Papua,
demanding an end to the province's special autonomy status, which they say
does not work. The protestors called instead for dialogue with the
government to decided the
future of the province. "We want a three-way dialogue, involving Jakarta,
a delegation from Papua and a representative from a neutral organisation,"
said Buchtar Tabuni,
28, one of the organisers of the protest in an interview with Adnkronos
International (AKI).
Papua, which is in the far east of the Indonesian archipelago, was annexed
by Jakarta with a controversial referendum in 1969.
The law on the special autonomy status was conceeded by Jakarta in 2001 in
part to respond to the demand for independence by a large part of the
local population, The
law, which is very wide ranging on paper, has never been applied on the
ground.
"No one here forgets the bloody episode of Manokwari, Abepura and Timida,"
said Tabuni refering to the three areas where, recently, Indonesian
security forces were
accused of abuse and violence.
Since 1969, various non-governmental organisations have said that the
repression by the Indonesian military in Papua has led to the deaths of
between 20,000 to 100,000
people.
Tabuni said that their call for dialogue is a final attempt to open a
channel of communication with Jakarta.
"If it does not work, then we will ask for a referendum where the
population will decide," he said.
Jakarta has always excluded the possibility of allowing another referendum
in the province. The Indonesian government has been fighting a low-level
insurgency for
decades, with small, armed groups carrying out sporadic attacks on
economic and military targets in the province.
---
http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/asiapac/programs/s1907549.htm
Last Updated 27/04/2007 3:07:29 PM
INDONESIA: West Irian Jaya to be known as West Papua
Indonesia's Government has changed the name of its province West Irian
Jaya to West Papua. Officials in Jakarta are portraying the move as one
which recognises the
social and ethnic identity of Papua.
Presenter/Interviewer: Karon Snowdon
Speakers: Papua specialist Dr Richard Chauvel, Melbourne University
SNOWDON: A formal regulation has been passed in Jakarta renaming West
Irian Jaya as West Papua.
It's the new province in Indonesia's most eastern territory - formed in
2003 by splitting Papua in two, and it lies to the west of the separate
independent nation of Papua New
Guinea.
Its citizens and many commentators regard the split as a policy by Jakarta
of divide and conquer over the province and its small independence
movement.
Richard Chauvel from Melbourne University explains the significance of the
name change.
CHAUVEL: It's symbolically and politically significant, because it has
always been Jakarta's preference to use the name Irian rather than Papua
to describe the territory.
SNOWDON: So perhaps at least at a superficial level, is this a caving in
by Jakarta by giving up the Irian name altogether?
CHAUVEL: Yes it is, I think it can be interpreted as a compromise and as
an accommodation of what I think is a fairly clear Papuan preference to
use the name Papua for
the territory. So in that sense, it's a compromise, it's not without
irony. Because the name West Papua is the preferred name of Papuan
nationalists. For Jakarta to use
that, as the name for the province that it created, it's not without its
irony.
SNOWDON: Does it do anything to clear up the legal and political ambiguity
though that remains around West Papua?
CHAUVEL: No, it doesn't, that is perhaps the more substantial question
that as yet Jakarta has not found a constitutional legal foundation for
the existence of now West
Papua.
SNOWDON: That ambiguity raises practical problems for West Papua.
Indonesia's High Court found the division of the Papua province into two
provinces was unconstitutional but succumbed to political pressure and
ruled that it could stay as a
fait accompli.
There remains a lot of legal confusion over West Papua's status under
special autonomy that was granted to Papua as a whole in 2001, going so
far as to make it
impossible for Jakarta to direct administration funds directly to it, even
now.
Richard Chauvel.
CHAUVEL: It feeds into the confusion and internal contradictions in
Jakarta's policies towards Papua. But together with the proliferation of
district governments in the entire
area of Papua, I think is having the affect that the capacity of those
provincial and district governments in Papua to provide government
services for the communities that
they're serving.
SNOWDON: But, do you see the renaming to West Papua at least perhaps a
sign that at least some in Jakarta are trying to progress the issue a
little bit?
CHAUVEL: I think that's the optimistic reading. I think the much more
substantial issue is around the resolution of the issue of legal status
and more broadly is it Jakarta's
intention to implement the 2001 special autonomy law as President Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono has stated publicly on many occasions or is the Central
Government more
interested in dividing the territory of Papua into further provinces and
more district governments.
---
http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/04/25/ap3649527.html?partner=alerts
Associated Press
Freeport Projects Higher Copper Sales
Associated Press 04.25.07, 7:58 AM ET
Related Quotes
FCX 68.01 + 0.00
Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. on Wednesday forecast sharply higher
sales of copper in the second quarter - the company's first full quarter
including the
operations of former rival Phelps Dodge.
Freeport closed its $26.3 billion acquisition rival copper miner Phelps
Dodge on March 19, creating the world's largest publicly traded copper
company.
The combined company is expected to sell off 970 million pounds of copper,
compared with first-quarter sales of 520.3 million pounds. Gold sales are
expected to decline
from first-quarter levels, however, falling to 600,000 ounces from 955,900.
Freeport sold 1.7 million pounds of molybdenum in the prior quarter from
its newly acquired Phelps mines and expects sales volume to grow to 17
million pounds in the
second quarter as Phelps' operations are fully integrated.
Workers at Freeport's Grasberg copper mine in Indonesia went on strike for
four days in April. The protests ended April 21 after the company agreed
to double basic
wages. However, the company said that effects on production "were not
significant."
For the full year, Freeport expects to sell about 3.9 billion pounds of
copper, 1.9 million ounces of gold and 70 million pounds of molybdenum.
Meeting those sales estimates depends on Freeport achieving its targeted
mining rates and expansion plans, favorable weather and other factors, the
company said.
Copyright 2007 Associated Press. All rights reserved.
---
http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/04/25/ap3649471.html?partner=alerts
Associated Press
Freeport McMoRan 1Q Earnings Surge
Associated Press 04.25.07, 7:40 AM ET
Related Quotes
FCX 68.01 + 0.00
Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. on Wednesday said first-quarter
earnings surged 89 percent, as the metals miner boosted sales volume amid
sharply higher prices
and rolled in the operations of rival Phelps Dodge.
Freeport closed its $26.3 billion acquisition rival copper miner Phelps
Dodge on March 19, creating the world's largest publicly-traded copper
company. Including Phelps
operations from March 20 on, Freeport reported net income of $476.2
million, or $2.02 per share, compared with $251.7 million, or $1.23 per
share, in the first quarter of
2006.
Revenue grew to $2.3 billion from $1.09 billion a year ago. The company
said its revenue figure for the latest quarter includes $8.5 million in
adjustments related to past
sales of copper concentrates, and a $38.1 million charge for accounting
adjustments related to Phelps' copper price hedging programs.
Analysts polled by Thomson Financial expected earnings of $2.07 per share
on $2.87 billion in sales.
Freeport sold 520.3 million pounds of copper in the first quarter, up from
225.2 million pounds a year ago. Gold sales volume totaled 955,900 ounces,
more-than doubling
from year-ago volume of 472,500 ounces.
The company's average realized copper price climbed to $3 a pound from an
average of $2.43 last year. Freeport realized an average gold price of
$654.63 per ounce
versus $405.54.
The company also sold 1.7 million pounds of molybdenum, due entirely to
contributions from Phelps.
Freeport's total debt stood at $12 billion at the quarter's end on March 31.
Copyright 2007 Associated Press. All rights reserved.
---
From: david chan <david@davchan.com>
PRESS RELEASE:
THE COALITION OF STUDENTS AND PEOPLE WHO CARE FOR PAPUA LAND
Secretariate: Jl. Perumnas I Gg Mawar 108 Waena, Jayapura Telp. 085255672878
SPECIAL AUTONOMY HAS FAILED, THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT MUST CARRY OUT
RESPECTFUL DIALOGUE WITH PAPUAN PEOPLE
When the spirit of reform led by the students swept the entire Nusantara
archipelago, the autoritarian regime of Soeharto could not stand anylonger.
In relation to this, all the Papuan people did not stay silent. Having been
muzzled for 39 years by the autoritarian military regime, Papuan people
demand the Indonesian government the recognition of their sovereignty as a
free nation,a goal which has never died since 1969 of (forced) integration.
The climax was on 26 February 1999 where 100 Papuans joined in a team called
Tim 100 met President BJ Habibie in the State Palace demanding the
recognition of the independence.
The central government's answer was Law No. 45/1999 dated on 4 October 1999
on the partition of Papua into three provinces: Irian Jaya (Papua), West
Irian Jaya, and Central Irian Jaya. The law was rejected by the people, they
occupied the governor office and the DPRD office of Papua province. The
aspiration of Papuan people from all corners of Papua land to separate (from
Indonesia) is getting stronger. The emergence of the aspiration of merdeka
(freedom) is based 3 things; 1) The historical truths, 2) Various human
rights violations and 3) Conference and Congress Papua II in 2000. The two
big events reaffirmed the aspiration of separation from NKRI (the unitary
state of the Republic of Indonesia). However Jakarta rejected to listen to
the aspiration, its answer was the release of Special Autonomy law. The
policy of Special Autonomy for Papua Province was described in MPR's decree
No. IV on the special autonomy law of No. 21/2001. The government of the
Republic of Indonesia and the Papuan political elites in the bureaucracy see
it as the best solution for the prosperity of Papuan people. Has the Special
Autonomy brought better life to Papuan people? The question has been left
unanswered. The reality is that the Special Autonomy tells different
(facts). There are facts in front of our eyes that in the era of Special
Autonomy, Papua land is being smeared with the blood of the nation's sons
and daughters. Their blood and bones are pouring into this rich land.
The blood of these innocent sons and daughters of Papua began pouring into
the land at the beginning of the discussion of the Special Autonomy bill at
Cendrawasih stadium. At that time, thousands of students did the protest
actions rejecting the bill until they were broken up. As the result, many
students were badly injured or wounded and one died at that place. Angrily
protesting this treatment, thousands held mass rally from the Stadium to the
campus of Cendrawasih university. Ironically the government and the
borjuists political Papuan elites ratified and "implement" the law.
The Special Autonomy Law has been around for six years and many human rights
violations have occured during this period. Below is the face of Papua land
in the era of Special Autonomy:
1. Direct Human rights violations have occured in many places through
various new modes and forms. Some of the proves of human rights abuses in
the era of Special Autonomy:
- The abduction and killing of Theys Hiyo Eluays on 10 November 2001 and the
elimination of his driver, Aristoles Masoka.
- The bloody Wasior incident on 13 June 2001
- The bloody Timika incident triggered by INPRES No.1/ 2003 where 6
civilians were killed.
- The bloody Wamena incident on 4 April 2003
- The bloody Abepura incident on 10 May 2005 where violent actions were
taken towards the protesters who supported Yusak Pakage and Philip Karma.
- The bloody Puncak Jaya caused by (military) search and operation in 2004.
- The bloody Merauke incident.
- The shootings on Moses Douw and a number of civilians in Waghete 2005
- The bloody Abepura, after the 16 March 2006 incident
- Military operation done in Puncak Jaya after the shootings on a member of
Kopassus and a retired member of TNI in December 2006.
For human rights violations in the fields of economy, social and culture,
these are shown by various matters related to the improvements of people's
welfare such as education, health, economy, and the providence of basic
service facilities. In addition, there are also a number of violations on
the rights of minority groups such as the indigenous groups, and the native
vendors groups (Papuan mothers), women and religious groups. Access on fair
trials for the community is also limited where this can be seen from how
justice cannot be fully enforced.
It is difficult to get services on education and health. These have been
experienced by people living in the remote villages where health facilities,
medicines and doctors or nurses are very limited. Also the availability of
educational facilities is not adequate. Under the special autonomy the
problems shift to towns where the costs of health and educational services
are high. Facilities, infrastructures and other supports in the fields of
education and health are very limited. These effect the fulfilment of these
human rights in both fields.
The lack of jobs in West Papua is caused by the uncontrollable rise of
population. This is getting worse by the increasing number of graduates from
universities in Papua province.
The income level is low as shown by the recent speech of Papua Governor. He
stated that around 80 percent of native Papuan live in absolute poverty.
This is very contrast compared to the reality of the increasing amount of
the annual development budget in the era of Special Autonomy. Last year it
was around 9 trillion rupiahs. Where that huge amount of money goes? Houses,
water and lighting facilities are very limited. The increase of population
influences the providence of those facilities. Black-outs frequently occur
in every territory.
Corruption cases among the (government) officers are getting higher. The
money for the people is corrupted by elites in the bureaucracy and
legislative bodies for their own personal or family interests.
More new regencies and provinces are set up not in accordance with the
procedure regulated by the special autonomy law. The existance of West
Irian Jaya Province (IJB) is the prove of (how the central government)
insult and violate the Special Autonomy. It was done based on Law No.45/1999
which was supported by the President's decree No. 1/2003. Special Autonomy
law stipulates that the establishment of new provinces and regencies will be
done after the establishment of Majelis Rakyat Papua (MRP). In the contrary
IJB had been established prior to the establishment of MRP. However, a poll
conducted by MRP showed that most of the Papuan people prefer to live in
unity. They reject the IJB (West Irian Jaya Province) formed by Jakarta.
Similar schemes, for personal or group interests, are being proposed out of
Special Autonomy mechanisms.
The president's decree on the acceleration of development of the entire
Papua land and the political collaboration between Barnabas Suebu (the name
of Papua governor - translator) and the IJB do not have clear legal basis.
They are against the special autonomy law. The incorporation of IJB into the
Special Autonomy scheme through the unilateral agreement between Barnabas
Suebu and Abraham O. Atururi is ilegal.
Native Papuans only fill a small number of bureaucratic positions throughout
the regencies and towns of Papua land, this can particularly be seen at the
Suebu's cabinet. Special Autonomy law prioritise native Papuans to sit in
important and strategic positions instead of non-native Papuans. This
insults the identity of native Papuan.
PERDASI and PERDASUS (special regulations) which guarantee the basic rights
of the Papuan people have not been available. KOMDA, Human rights tribunal,
and Reconciliation and Truth Committee as specified by a number of
substantial articles (in the Special Autonomy law) have not been
established.
It is sad that the perpetrators of human rights cannot be brought to trial,
they have even been hailed as heros. The exploitation of natural resources
by PT Freeport Indonesia continues to happen without respecting the Special
Autonomy. Many of the basic rights of native Papuan are being violated and
ignored. The abundant wealth of the natural resources of Papua is being
robbed to feed many countries in the world whereas its people are left dying
as animals.
Based on this real situation described above, we conclude that the six years
implementation of Special Autonomy (OTSUS) in Papua land has failed. The
failure of the OTSUS in the first place is caused by the Central Government.
Therefore, on behalf of the entire Papuan people - we urge and demand that:
The Government of Republic of Indonesia immediately conduct national
dialogue which is total and overall by incorporating all components of
Papuan people respectfully. The Dialogue concerning the above matters in
point 1 must be conducted this year, between the time of the delivery of
this aspiration and 10 August 2007.
If this dialogue is conducted then we - in dignity - demand another Option.
This aspiration is delivered to the government for further action. You may
hide the truth but data and facts can reveal it.
Jayapura, 27 April 2007
KOALISI MAHASISWA DAN MASYARAKAT PEDULI TANAH PAPUA
(THE COALITION OF STUDENTS AND PEOPLE WHO CARE FOR PAPUA LAND)
============================================================================
KABAR IRIAN ("Irian News since 1994") www.kabar-irian.com
NOTE: "All items are posted for their news/information content. They are
not necessarily the views of IRJA.org or subscribers. "